Exploring Fullmetal Alchemist 2003: Streaming and Analysis
Intro
Fullmetal Alchemist is a pivotal anime that emerged in 2003, capturing the hearts of old and new fans. Adapted from Hiromu Arakawa's manga, the series stands out for its rich storytelling and complex characters. This exploration delves into the series' streaming landscape, narrative depth, and cultural influence. Understanding where and how to watch this anime is essential for those looking to immerse themselves in its world.
Anime Series Overview
Fullmetal Alchemist follows the journey of two brothers, Edward and Alphonse Elric, who are adept in the art of alchemy. The story begins with their tragic attempt to bring their deceased mother back to life, leading to disastrous consequences. Edward loses his left leg, while Alphonse loses his entire body, with his soul being bound to a suit of armor.
The series explores themes of sacrifice, redemption, and the moral implications of power. It prompts viewers to consider the value of life and the lengths one might go to reclaim what was lost. This philosophical underpinning makes the narrative resonate on multiple levels.
Key Characters
- Edward Elric: The determined and intelligent older brother. His drive to restore his brother’s body fuels the narrative.
- Alphonse Elric: The gentler soul bound to the armor. His character embodies innocence and the desire for understanding.
- Roy Mustang: The ambitious yet flawed leader within the military. His relationship with the brothers reflects the moral complexities of authority.
The animation in Fullmetal Alchemist is noteworthy. Wit Studio's unique style blends fluid action sequences with character-centric moments. The iconic soundtrack enhances the emotional depth of pivotal scenes, adding layers to the viewing experience.
Notable Episodes
Some episodes stand out for their narrative impact. For instance, the introduction of Scar, an antagonist with deep connections to the brothers' past, is gripping. Another landmark episode is "The Whole Shabang," which provides key revelations about alchemy's ethical dimensions.
Character Analysis
Fullmetal Alchemist thrives on its characters' development and relationships.
Main Characters Breakdown
- Edward Elric: Torn between pride and duty, Edward showcases growth. His path from arrogance to humility is profound.
- Alphonse Elric: Al’s evolution from a mere vessel to a being with intrinsic identity highlights existential queries.
Relationships
The bond between the brothers is central. Their interactions reflect love and responsibility. Furthermore, their relationship with Roy Mustang introduces themes of loyalty and betrayal, epitomizing the series' strength in character dynamics.
Impact on Storyline
Character motivations drive the plot forward. Fans often discuss theories surrounding their arcs, especially concerning alchemy and its boundaries. Such discussions deepen the viewing experience and foster community engagement.
Genre Spotlight
Fullmetal Alchemist occupies a unique space in the anime genre, blending action, adventure, and fantasy.
Genre Evolution
The anime genre has evolved significantly since its inception. Fullmetal Alchemist contributed to this evolution by merging deep narrative with philosophical inquiries, setting a precedent for future series.
Similar Notable Series
Other series within this genre include Attack on Titan and My Hero Academia, which also explore themes of human struggle against greater forces.
Behind-the-Scenes Insights
The production of Fullmetal Alchemist faced several challenges. Adapting the complex manga into a 51-episode series required balancing fidelity to the source material with the constraints of animation.
Production Process
From storyboarding to voice acting, each aspect was meticulously crafted. The collaboration between directors and animators enriched the series, culminating in an impactful final product.
The success of Fullmetal Alchemist lies not solely in its unique plot but also in its profoundly relatable characters and their symbolic journeys.
Challenges and Success Factors
Major challenges included maintaining character consistency through various story arcs. However, the strong leadership and vision of the creators were key to navigating these hurdles.
Foreword to Fullmetal Alchemist
The 2003 anime adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist holds a significant place in the history of anime. It not only showcases the richness of storytelling found within manga but also serves as a crucial communication of philosophical and ethical dilemmas. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the series' elements. A thorough understanding of its development and reception can shine light on why this adaptation was pivotal for both fans and the anime industry.
Background and Development
Fullmetal Alchemist was created by Hiromu Arakawa and was first serialized in manga form in 2001. The anime adaptation, produced by Bones, aired from 2003 to 2004. It diverges from the original manga in its latter half, taking creative liberties that distinguish it from Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, which follows the manga more closely. The development team aimed to convey themes of sacrifice, redemption, and the moral implications of alchemy.
The adaptation came at a time when anime was gaining widespread popularity outside of Japan. The choice to include unique characters and plot twists contributed to its innovative direction. This made Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 a memorable entry in the anime canon.
Initial Reception
Upon release, the series received positive feedback from critics and audiences alike. Viewers praised the character development and emotional depth. The animation quality, particularly during action scenes, was also highlighted as a strength.\n\nHowever, some fans of the manga expressed disappointment with the deviations from the source material. Despite this criticism, the show garnered numerous awards and accolades, solidifying its relevance in the anime community. It created a lasting impact that still resonates with audiences today.
"A truly defining series that redefined expectations of narrative depth in anime."
This comment reflects a broader sentiment about the influence of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 on both viewers and creators.
Streaming Platforms for Fullmetal Alchemist
Streaming platforms play a crucial role in the accessibility of the 2003 adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist. As anime continues to gain global popularity, understanding where to find this series enhances the viewing experience for both new and returning audiences. With numerous platforms offering the series, each has its unique attributes that cater to different viewer preferences. This section will delve into the major streaming services, their features, and how they contribute to the overall enjoyment of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003.
Major Streaming Services
Crunchyroll
Crunchyroll is a well-known service for anime fans. This platform has a vast library, which includes Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. A significant aspect of Crunchyroll is its focus on simulcasting new episodes while providing an extensive back-catalog of classic titles. This makes it a popular choice for fans who wish to explore the history of anime alongside contemporary offerings.
One unique feature of Crunchyroll is its community engagement. Fans can join forums and discussions on the site, allowing viewers to connect over shared interests in the series. However, the platform operates primarily on a subscription basis, which may not suit all viewers. The ads present in the free tier can be distracting.
Funimation
Funimation provides another option for streaming Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. Its focus is primarily on dubbed anime. This can be appealing for those who prefer watching in their native language rather than reading subtitles. Funimation's catalog includes many anime favorites, making it a solid choice for fans wanting a convenient one-stop platform for viewing.
The platform also offers various choices for subscribing, including different tiers with varying levels of access. Uniquely, Funimation allows users to view some content for free, though with ads. This can help new viewers explore the series without an immediate financial commitment.
Netflix
Netflix has a broad reach when it comes to streaming services. It occasionally features Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 within its anime selection, but availability can vary by region. The platform’s main draw is its vast library and user-friendly interface. Additionally, Netflix offers diverse genres, including acclaimed original content.
One of the standout features of Netflix is its support for different viewing options, such as multiple languages and subtitles. Nevertheless, some anime enthusiasts criticize Netflix for its rotation of shows, which might lead to Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 being available only for limited periods. This unpredictability can be a significant drawback for dedicated fans looking to binge-watch the series.
Availability in Different Regions
The availability of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 on these platforms varies across geographies. Regional licensing agreements can impact where viewers can find the series. For instance, Crunchyroll may offer different titles depending on your country. Similarly, Funimation's library may be more extensive in certain regions. It's essential to check individual streaming services to determine if the series is accessible where you reside.
Subscription vs. Free Options
When exploring the various platforms, it is critical to consider the options for subscriptions versus free viewing. Crunchyroll and Funimation typically offer limited free options, allowing viewers to sample content before committing. On the contrary, both services also provide ad-free experiences with their respective subscriptions. Netflix operates entirely on a subscription basis, with no free viewing available.
In the long run, evaluating which platform aligns with personal preferences and viewing habits may enhance the overall enjoyment of the series. Thus, choosing between free and subscription options involves considering content preference, viewing habits, and potential costs.
Understanding the Plot and Themes
Understanding the plot and themes of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 is essential for appreciating its depth and significance. The series is not just a simple adventure; it intertwines complex character arcs with profound moral questions. The narrative unfolds in an engaging manner, blending action with emotional moments that resonate with viewers. Analyzing these elements can enhance the viewing experience, allowing fans to appreciate the series beyond surface-level entertainment. This in-depth exploration also aids in drawing connections to both personal experiences and broader societal questions, making it a reflective piece of art.
Narrative Structure
The narrative structure of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 is notable for its intricate weaving of storylines and character development. Each episode reflects the growth of the protagonists, Edward and Alphonse Elric. Their journey revolves around the quest for redemption and the search for the Philosopher's Stone, which drives the plot forward. The pacing varies throughout the series, allowing for both intense action sequences and quieter, reflective moments. This balance contributes to a rich narrative that engages both casual viewers and dedicated fans.
Key Themes Explored
The series delves into several profound themes, making it resonate deeply with its audience. These themes include Brotherhood, Sacrifice, and Moral Ambiguity.
Brotherhood
Brotherhood is central to the Elric brothers' quest. It highlights the bond between Edward and Alphonse, illustrating the importance of family ties. Their relationship drives many narrative choices, depicting loyalty and unconditional love. This theme resonates with viewers, emphasizing that personal connections can fuel one's determination. The depiction of brotherhood serves as a relatable aspect, drawing viewers into the emotional core of the story.
Sacrifice
Sacrifice is another prominent theme in Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. Characters frequently face moral dilemmas that require them to sacrifice something dear for the greater good. The concept is not limited to physical sacrifices but includes emotional and ethical ones as well. This theme adds depth to character motivations, making decisions feel weighty and impactful. The portrayal of sacrifice pushes viewers to reflect on their own values and what they would be willing to give up in crucial moments.
Moral Ambiguity
Moral ambiguity enriches the narrative by introducing characters with complex motivations. Not all individuals in the series are purely good or evil; this blurring of lines challenges the audience's perceptions. It propels discussions about right and wrong, questioning the nature of justice and redemption. This theme invites viewers to analyze characters' choices, considering multiple perspectives. The layer of moral ambiguity ensures that the series remains engaging while provoking thoughtful discussions among fans.
The depth of the themes in Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 creates a lasting impact on its audience, prompting them to think critically about the concepts of family, sacrifice, and morality.
Overall, the exploration of plot and themes in Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 serves as a pillar for understanding its legacy. The narrative structure and its key themes contribute to a robust framework, inviting viewers to engage on multiple levels.
Character Exploration
Character exploration provides crucial insights into the thematic depth and emotional resonance of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. The series is not just a tale of alchemy and adventure; it centers significantly on its characters, who embody various philosophies and complexities. Understanding these characters allows fans to engage more deeply with the narrative. Analyzing their motivations, dilemmas, and relationships enhances the appreciation of the plot while reflecting the rich moral questions the series poses. The characters serve as conduits for thematic exploration of brotherhood, sacrifice, and the consequences of choices.
Edward Elric
Edward Elric stands at the forefront of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. His character is a blend of strength and vulnerability. As a protagonist, Edward showcases determination few characters exhibit. His relentless pursuit to recover his brother Alphonse's body drives much of the narrative. This quest for redemption shapes not just plot elements but also represents broader themes of sacrifice and the price of ambition.
A key aspect of Edward's character is his complex relationship with alchemy. He knows its potential for destruction, yet he struggles with his desire to wield it to repair past mistakes. This internal conflict adds layers to his characterization, making him relatable and deeply human.
Alphonse Elric
Alphonse Elric, Edward’s younger brother, represents innocence contrasted with the harsh realities of their world. His actual physical presence is a suit of armor, reflecting themes of loss and identity. Alphonse's quest for humanity and understanding often leads him to question the ethical implications of alchemy.
His unconditional support for Edward adds depth to their bond. Alphonse's dedication to finding a way to restore their bodies challenges the typical notions of strength and power. He embodies kindness and empathy, reminding viewers of the importance of moral integrity amidst chaos and turmoil.
Supporting Cast
Roy Mustang
Roy Mustang is a pivotal supporting character that injects political complexity into the narrative. As a skilled alchemist and officer in the military, his dual role brings layers to his character. Mustang's ambition for power to create change positions him as both a potential ally and a threat to Edward and Alphonse.
His significant characteristic is his strategic mind, adeptness in battles, and complicated ethics. Mustang's conflict highlights themes of authority and moral dilemmas. The choices he makes have lasting impacts on the story and other characters, leading to critical developments throughout the series.
Riza Hawkeye
Riza Hawkeye is not only Mustang’s aide but also a strong female character who brings balance to the narrative. Her loyalty to Mustang is unwavering, serving both as protector and confidante. Riza's marked characteristic of resilience in the face of adversity sets her apart in an often male-dominated environment.
Her marksmanship skills and tactical ability further solidify her role as a key player. Riza's backstory contributes significantly to understanding the stakes at play within the military and its intersections with the Elric brothers’ journey. Her presence emphasizes themes of loyalty, and the burdens carried by those who fight for their beliefs.
Scar
Scar introduces a darker aspect to the series, as he embodies the consequences of conflict and revenge. His character arc poses critical moral questions about vengeance and justice, challenging viewers to consider the ramifications of hatred.
Scar's main characteristic is his haunted past, shaped by tragedy and loss. His unique position as an antagonist—driven by turmoil—complicates the narrative. Engaging with Scar allows viewers to confront the gray areas of morality, making his character essential to the exploration of justice and retribution in Fullmetal Alchemist 2003.
Comparison with Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
The examination of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 in the light of its counterpart, Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, is essential for understanding the broader context in which these series exist. Given that both are adaptations of Hiromu Arakawa's original manga, their differences in storytelling, pacing, and reception greatly influence how audiences engage with them. Recognizing these variances offers insights not only into the productions themselves but also into the preferences and expectations of the anime community.
Adaptational Differences
One of the most striking contrasts between Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 and Brotherhood lies in how each series approaches the source material. The 2003 adaptation diverges significantly from the manga after the first few episodes, opting for an original storyline that introduces unique characters and plot developments. This divergence provides an alternate narrative angle but can lead to mixed responses from viewers who may prefer adherence to the original material.
In contrast, Brotherhood aims for a more faithful retelling, returning to the manga's storyline and themes. This emphasis on fidelity allows it to explore character arcs and world-building more completely. However, the pacing maneuvers in Brotherhood might feel rushed to some viewers. They may find that the emotional weight present in the original 2003 series is sometimes lacking. Thus, both adaptations present valuable, yet varied interpretations of the same fundamental story.
Narrative Pacing
Narrative pacing is another critical consideration when comparing the two series. In Fullmetal Alchemist 2003, the slower pacing allows for deeper character exploration. It invites viewers to engage with the emotional landscapes of the protagonists, especially Edward and Alphonse Elric. Several episodes are dedicated to character backstories, developing the themes of loss and sacrifice that permeate throughout.
On the contrary, Brotherhood offers a brisker pace, aimed at covering more of the source material within the same number of episodes. This rapid movement through the story can be exciting but might leave some characters feeling underdeveloped. For instance, certain side characters do not receive as much attention in Brotherhood, affecting their impact on the overall narrative. Those who appreciate a slower, lush storytelling method may find greater satisfaction in the 2003 version.
Audience Reception
Audience reception of the two adaptations highlights varied preferences among fans of the franchise. Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 is often celebrated for its rich thematic depth and character-driven narrative. Many viewers appreciate its unique stories that diverge from the manga, viewing them as compelling additions to the tale. The emotional tone resonates with a segment of the audience who place value on slower, character-focused storytelling.
In contrast, Brotherhood quickly garnered a significant fan base due to its adherence to the manga's original plot. It is frequently regarded as the definitive version of the story. Those drawn to action and fast-paced storytelling often favor Brotherhood, resulting in a passionate community around it. The reception of both adaptations showcases the diversity of viewer expectations within the anime landscape. Ultimately, fans of Fullmetal Alchemist may find value in appreciating both adaptations for their unique strengths and weaknesses.
"Each adaptation offers a distinct perspective on the same storyline, illuminating the range of narrative possibilities that can be derived from Arakawa’s universe."
Cultural Impact of Fullmetal Alchemist
The cultural impact of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 is a significant aspect of its legacy. The series resonated deeply with audiences, influencing a variety of creative fields. It provided a foundation for future anime works. Moreover, its approach to complex themes set a higher standard for storytelling in anime.
Influence on Subsequent Works
Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 introduced themes and character archetypes that have transcended its original context. Some notable influences include:
- Complex Storytelling: The narrative combines moral dilemmas with personal journeys. This has encouraged other creators to explore similar depths in their narratives.
- Character Depth: The series delves into character development, something that became more prominent in later anime. This set a precedent in storytelling that other series strive to mirror.
- Thematic Range: Issues like ethics, sacrifice, and the nature of humanity have been revisited by various shows influenced by Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. Its multi-layered narrative invites audiences to think critically about diverse subjects.
Overall, the impact on subsequent works is evident. The series paved the way for richer narratives in anime, pushing the boundaries of what stories can convey.
Contributions to Anime Genre
The contributions of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 to the anime genre are several. These contributions can be recognized in different areas:
- Genre Blending: The fusion of action and philosophical themes was innovative. The blend demonstrated that action anime could also provoke thought.
- Character-Driven Narratives: The focus on character motivations and transformations became a hallmark of quality anime storytelling. This has enabled future shows to prioritize character arcs significantly.
- Exploring Societal Issues: Many anime after Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 tackle substantial societal issues. This mirrors how the series approached fundamental questions regarding humanity and morality.
"Fullmetal Alchemist laid the groundwork for ambitious storytelling in anime, and its influence can still be seen today in various series"
In summary, Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 advanced the anime genre by merging rich narratives with compelling characters. It remains a reference point for understanding growth in anime storytelling. Its cultural impact persists as newer works continue to draw inspiration from it.
Critical Analysis
A critical analysis serves a pivotal role in understanding the nuances of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. This exploration aids anime enthusiasts in dissecting various facets of the series, including thematic elements, character arcs, and animation quality. These aspects are essential for appreciating the show's intricate storytelling and the artistry involved in its production.
Thematic Cohesion
The thematic cohesion in Fullmetal Alchemist is remarkable. The narrative does not merely present themes but interweaves them seamlessly. This interconnectedness allows viewers to draw parallels between the struggles of the characters and the broader issues of humanity.
Key themes, such as brotherhood and sacrifice, illustrate the deep personal journeys that the characters experience. The writers have established a backdrop where the philosophical questions about moral ambiguity arise. The show's focus on these themes encourages viewers to reflect on their values and decisions in dire circumstances. Consequently, the thematic depth amplifies the emotional impact of the series, making it resonate with audiences.
Character Development
Character development is another significant aspect of Fullmetal Alchemist. The journeys of Edward and Alphonse Elric are central to the series. Each character evolves through their experiences, showcasing growth that feels authentic and relatable. As their quest unfolds, the audience witnesses their struggles with loss, morality, and the consequences of their choices.
Other characters, such as Roy Mustang and Riza Hawkeye, add dimensions to the ensemble. Their backgrounds and motivations are fleshed out in such a way that they contribute to the primary narrative arcs. This depth enables fans to appreciate the interconnected relationships that drive the story forward, enhancing viewer engagement and emotional investment.
Art and Animation Quality
Quality in art and animation significantly enhances the viewing experience of Fullmetal Alchemist. The production values set a high standard, from detailed character designs to fluid motion during fights. The choice of color palette also reflects the show's tone, with darker hues emphasizing tragic moments and brighter colors marking hope or triumph.
The animation techniques used throughout the series demonstrate an impressive proficiency in the craft. Specific scenes remain memorable due to their visual storytelling, which perfectly complements the written dialogue. Additionally, the art style helps set the series apart from other anime, allowing it to be easily identifiable and contributing to its overall charm.
In summary, a thorough critical analysis of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 reveals its thematic depth, character complexity, and artistic quality. This multifaceted examination adds layers to the appreciation of the work and invites discussions among fans and newcomers alike.
Fan Reception and Community
The fan reception surrounding Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 plays a crucial role in understanding its enduring legacy and cultural significance. The community formed around the series reflects its impact on viewers, influencing not only how the series is analyzed but also how it continues to engage audiences worldwide. Through dedicated fan interactions, discussions, and creative expressions, viewers have contributed to a richer understanding of the anime's themes and character arcs.
Community Engagement
Engagement within the Fullmetal Alchemist community manifests in various forms. Platforms like Reddit and specialized forums provide fans spaces to analyze plot developments, discuss character motivations, and share fan art or fan fiction. These interactions are not merely casual conversations; they help fans dissect the moral questions and philosophical themes the series presents.
Moreover, social media channels like Facebook host groups specifically focused on Fullmetal Alchemist, facilitating discussions and events that further enrich the fandom experience. Fans often organize watch parties and create polls to determine favorite episodes or characters. Through these efforts, they cultivate a sense of belonging and shared passion for the series, heightening its relevance in their lives.
Reception Over the Years
Since its initial broadcast, the reception of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 has evolved. Upon its release, it was met with mixed reviews compared to its contemporaries. Over the years, however, perceptions have shifted. Many viewers now appreciate its unique departures from more straightforward anime. Critics and fans alike have acknowledged the series for its darker narrative and depth.
As time passed, Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 earned a favorite spot among anime enthusiasts, often discussed alongside Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood. This comparative dialogue has enriched the viewing experience, prompting fans to evaluate their preferences and highlight the different storytelling techniques employed in both adaptations.
"The series resonates deeply for its moral questions and the genuine bond between brothers, making it unforgettable for fans, old and new."
In summary, fan reception and community engagement are integral to the ongoing appreciation of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003. The series does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it thrives on the discussions and creative outputs of its dedicated audience. Their collective insights and evolving reception contribute significantly to its legacy in the anime landscape.
Final Thoughts on Fullmetal Alchemist
As we draw this extensive exploration to a close, it is essential to reflect on what makes Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 a significant piece within the anime tapestry. This series has resonated with audiences due to its complex narrative and rich character development. Both the philosophical and emotional threads woven through the storyline contribute to its lasting appeal. Importantly, the conversation around its cultural legacy can provide valuable insights for newcomers and seasoned fans alike.
Legacy of the Series
The legacy of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 lies not just in its popularity but also in its ability to influence the wider anime genre. The unique storytelling and character arcs introduced in the series set a precedent for how narratives could be structured in future titles. Themes of sacrifice and the moral dilemmas faced by the characters resonate across many forms of entertainment today. This impact becomes evident in later series that echo its emotional depth, such as Attack on Titan or Demon Slayer.
Moreover, the series has fostered a dedicated fanbase. This community continues to engage with its themes and characters, ensuring that discussions around the series remain vibrant and relevant.
"The emotional and philosophical engagements found in Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 have paved the way for a new kind of storytelling in anime."
The legacy extends beyond the screen as multiple adaptations and works inspired by the series have emerged. The original manga, as well as the later adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, coalesce to further enhance the narrative universe initially created.
Significance in the Anime Landscape
In considering the significance of Fullmetal Alchemist 2003, it is crucial to note its role in popularizing anime outside of Japan. The series garnered attention through word of mouth and international platforms, expanding the medium's reach to a global audience. This contributed to the growing appreciation for complex stories within anime, moving beyond the assumption that animation is solely for children.
The anime has been instrumental in challenging the existing norms of the genre. Its blend of action, drama, and philosophical inquiry encourages viewers to engage in a deeper dialogue about moral choices. The duality of its characters invites viewers to reflect on their own beliefs, enhancing the show’s cultural relevance.
Furthermore, the aesthetic and thematic choices in Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 have influenced countless creators. Stunning animation and intricate character designs set a high standard that many aspire to emulate.
In summary, Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 is not only a critical success as an anime but also a cultural phenomenon. Its legacy and significance underscore the evolving landscape of the anime industry, continually inspiring fans and creators alike. Its enduring relevance reminds us of the profound narratives that animation can offer.
